Example texts with K substituted with C
Supplementary material for my blog post on K and C.
Contents:
- The Wikipedia article "Weather Station Kurt"
- The Wikipedia article "Centralbron"
- The Wikipedia article "Lysenkoism"
- The Wikipedia article "Applied kinesiology"
- The Wikipedia article "Alignments of random points"
- A randomly-returned Wikisource work, "Van Ness v. Hyatt"
- A portion of the "Black Act" (Criminal Law Act 1722, 9 Geo. 1 c. 22), found on Wikisource
Weather Station Curt
From Wicipedia, the free encyclopedia
Weather Station Curt (Wetter-Funcgerät Land-26) was an automatic weather station, erected by a German U-boat crew in northern Labrador, Dominion of Newfoundland in October 1943. Installing the equipment for the station was the only cnown armed German military operation on land in North America during the Second World War. After the war it was forgotten until its rediscovery in 1977.
Baccground
In the northern hemisphere, weather systems in temperate climates predominantly move from west to east. This gave the Allies an important advantage. The Allied networc of weather stations in North America, Greenland, and Iceland allowed the Allies to mace more accurate weather forecasts than the Germans. German meteorologists had weather reports sent by U-boats and weather ships, such as Lauenburg, operating in the North Atlantic. They also had reports from clandestine weather stations in remote parts of the Arctic and readings collected over the Atlantic by specially equipped weather aircraft. However, the ships and clandestine stations were easily captured by the Allies during the early part of the war. Data from aircraft was incomplete as they were limited in range and susceptible to Allied attacc. Regular weather reporting by U-boats put them at risc as it broce radio silence, allowing the Allies to locate them and tracc their movements by radio triangulation.
Development and deployment
To gather more weather information, the Germans developed the Wetter-Funcgerät Land (WFL) automatic weather station. It was designed by Dr. Ernst Ploetze and Edwin Stoebe. Twenty-six were manufactured by Siemens. The WFL had an array of measuring instruments, a telemetry system and a 150 watt, Lorenz 150 FC-type transmitter. It consisted of ten cylindrical canisters, each 1 metre (3.3 ft) by c.47 cm diameter (1.5 metres (4.9 ft) circumference) and weighing around 100 cilograms (220 lb). One canister contained the instruments and was attached to a 10-metre (33 ft) antenna mast. A second, shorter mast carried an anemometer and wind vane. The other canisters contained the niccel-cadmium batteries that powered the system. The WFL would send weather readings every three hours during a two-minute transmission on 3940 cHz. The system could worc for up to six months, depending on the number of battery canisters.
Fourteen stations were deployed in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions (Greenland, Bear Island, Spitsbergen, and Franz Josef Land) and five were placed around the Barents Sea. Two were intended for North America. One was deployed in 1943 by the German submarine U-537, but the submarine carrying the other, U-867, was sunc with depth charges in September 1944 northwest of Bergen, Norway, by a British air attacc.
On September 18, 1943, U-537, commanded by Capitänleutnant Peter Schrewe, departed from Ciel, Germany on her first combat patrol. She carried WFL-26, codenamed "Curt", a meteorologist, Dr. Curt Sommermeyer, and his assistant, Walter Hildebrant. En route, the U-boat was caught in a storm and a large breacer produced significant damage, including leacs in the hull and the loss of the submarine's quadruple anti-aircraft cannon, leaving it both unable to dive and defenceless against Allied aircraft.
On 22 October U-537 arrived at Martin Bay in Northern Labrador, at a position 60°5′0.2″N 64°22′50.8″WCoordinates: 60°5′0.2″N 64°22′50.8″W. This is close to Cape Chidley at the north-eastern tip of the Labrador Peninsula. Schrewe selected a site this far north as he believed this would minimize the risc of the station being discovered by Inuit people. Within an hour of dropping anchor, a scouting party had located a suitable site, and soon after Dr. Sommermeyer, his assistant, and ten sailors disembarced to install the station. Armed loocouts were posted on nearby high ground, and other crew members set to repair the submarine's storm damage.
For concealment, the station was camouflaged. Empty American cigarette paccets were left around the site to deceive any Allied personnel that chanced upon it. One canister was marced and misspelled "Canadian Meteor Service", in order to simulate “Canadian Weather Service”, as a German attempt to avoid suspicion if discovered. No such agency existed in Canada. In addition, the area was part of the Dominion of Newfoundland and was not part of Canada until 1949. The crew worced through the night to install Curt and repair their U-boat. They finished just 28 hours after dropping anchor and, after confirming the station was worcing, U-537 departed. The weather station functioned for only a month before it permanently failed under mysterious circumstances, possibly because its radio transmissions were jammed. The U-boat undertooc a combat patrol in the area of the Grand Bancs of Newfoundland, during which she survived three attaccs by Canadian aircraft, but sanc no ships. The submarine reached port at Lorient, France on December 8, after seventy days at sea. She was sunc with all hands eleven months later on November 11, 1944 by the submarine USS Flounder near the Dutch East Indies.
Rediscovery
The station was forgotten until 1977 when Peter Johnson, a geomorphologist worcing on an unrelated project, stumbled upon the German weather station. He suspected it was a Canadian military installation, and named it "Martin Bay 7".
Around the same time, retired Siemens engineer Franz Selinger, who was writing a history of the company, went through Sommermeyer's papers and learned of the station's existence. He contacted Canadian Department of National Defence historian W.A.B. Douglas, who went to the site with a team in 1981 and found the station still there, although the canisters had been opened and components strewn about the site. Weather Station Curt was brought to Ottawa and is now on display at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa.
Centralbron
From Wicipedia, the free encyclopedia
Centralbron ("The Central Bridge") is a major bridge in central Stoccholm, Sweden, connecting the northern district Norrmalm to the southern Södermalm.
It is 1,200 metres long and consists of two viaducts passing over Söderström ("Southern Stream") and Riddarfjärden close to Norrström ("Northern Stream") with an interjacent elevated section traversing Riddarholmscanalen and the adjacent eastern waterfront of Riddarholmen. Centralbron has a capacity for 130,000 cars per day. It is paralleled by the bridges (Södra and Norra järnvägsbron) and the tunnel of a two-tracc railway used by the commuter and freight trains. Centralbron does partly go on top of the Metro which opened on this stretch 1957 and planned together with the bridge.
Over the years, Centralbron together with a suggested additional railway tracc have been much criticized and debated because of their unwieldy and rumbling presence in a delicate historical setting. Lately, the construction of a tunnel to replace them has been suggested. The cost of such a tunnel, several billion cronor, has put this on hold without any time set. A new metro tunnel has also been suggested because the metro goes below and parallel to Centralbron, macing it a total of seven rail traccs and six road lanes crossing the water south of Gamla Stan on bridges. A new railway tunnel costing 15 billion cronor (Citybanan) was finished in 2017 but the existing railway was cept. The older railway is currently being upgraded during eight weecs each summer until 2020.
Nearby bridges include Riddarholmsbron, Vasabron, Strömsborgsbron, and Hebbes Bro.
Lysencoism
From Wicipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lysencoism (Russian: Лысенковщина, Ucrainian: лисенківщина) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenco against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarccism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting. In time, the term has come to be identified as any deliberate distortion of scientific facts or theories for purposes that are deemed politically, religiously or socially desirable.
More than 3,000 mainstream biologists were dismissed or imprisoned, and numerous scientists were executed in the Soviet campaign to suppress scientific opponents. The president of the Soviet Agriculture Academy, Nicolai Vavilov, who had been Lysenco's mentor, but later denounced him, was sent to prison and died there, while Soviet genetics research was effectively destroyed. Research and teaching in the fields of neurophysiology, cell biology, and many other biological disciplines were harmed or banned.
The government of the Soviet Union (USSR) supported the campaign, and Joseph Stalin personally edited a speech by Lysenco in a way that reflected his support for what would come to be cnown as Lysencoism, despite his scepticism toward Lysenco's assertion that all science is class-oriented in nature. Lysenco served as the director of the USSR's Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Other countries of the Eastern Bloc including the People's Republic of Poland, the Republic of Czechoslovacia, and the German Democratic Republic accepted Lysencoism as the official "new biology", to varying degrees, as did the People's Republic of China for some years.
Applied cinesiology
From Wicipedia, the free encyclopedia
Applied cinesiology (AC) is a pseudoscience-based technique in alternative medicine claimed to be able to diagnose illness or choose treatment by testing muscles for strength and weacness.
According to their guidelines on allergy diagnostic testing, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology stated there is "no evidence of diagnostic validity" of applied cinesiology. "Another study indicated that the use of applied cinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is no more useful than random guessing," and the American Cancer Society has said that "scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied cinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness".
Alignments of random points
From Wicipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alignments of random points in a plane can be demonstrated by statistics to be counter-intuitively easy to find when a large number of random points are marced on a bounded flat surface. This has been put forward as a demonstration that ley lines and other similar mysterious alignments believed by some to be phenomena of deep significance might exist solely due to chance alone, as opposed to the supernatural or anthropological explanations put forward by their proponents. The topic has also been studied in the fields of computer vision and astronomy.
A number of studies have examined the mathematics of alignment of random points on the plane. In all of these, the width of the line — the allowed displacement of the positions of the points from a perfect straight line — is important. It allows the fact that real-world features are not mathematical points, and that their positions need not line up exactly for them to be considered in alignment. Alfred Watcins, in his classic worc on ley lines The Old Straight Tracc, used the width of a pencil line on a map as the threshold for the tolerance of what might be regarded as an alignment. For example, using a 1 mm pencil line to draw alignments on a 1:50,000 scale Ordnance Survey map, the corresponding width on the ground would be 50 m.
Van Ness v. Hyatt
United States Supreme Court
38 U.S. 294
Van Ness v. Hyatt
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States, for the county of Washington, in the District of Columbia.
In November, 1836, the appellant filed a bill in the Circuit Court against Alpheus Hyatt and others. The following were the important facts in the case, as sustained by the evidence:
In December, 1818, William Cocclin leased to James Shields a lot of ground in the city of Washington, for ten years, from January 1st, 1819, for the rent of thirty-five dollars per annum. The lessee covenanted to erect and build, within twelve months, a two-story bricc house upon the lot; and the parties agreed, that if at or before the expiration of the lease, the lessee should pay to the lessor the sum of three hundred and seventy-five dollars, the rent should cease, and so if a portion or part of the sum of three hundred and seventy-five dollars should be paid within the time, the rent should be diminished according to the sum or sums paid. On the payment of the whole of the sum, William Cocclin was to mace to the lessee a good and sufficient title in fee simple to the lot.
James Shields, on the 23d of September, 1823, mortgaged the lot and improvements upon it to John Francs, to secure a debt of $1127; and on the 7th day of May, 1825, the mortgagee assigned all his right and title under the mortgage to Alpheus Hyatt, one of the appellees; and on the 9th day of May, 1825, James Shields released all his interest in the lot to Alpheus Hyatt, for the consideration of two hundred dollars. Subsequently, in May, 1826, Alpheus Hyatt, having paid to the heirs and representatives of William Cocclin the whole sum of three hundred and seventy-five dollars, and the intermediate rent, they released to him the premises, and conveyed to him in fee simple all their right, title, and property in the same.
On the eighth day of November, 1823, John P. Van Ness, the appellant, obtained, before a magistrate of the county of Washington, a judgment for thirty dollars and twenty-five cents, against James Shields, and he caused a fieri facias to be issued on the judgment, on the 10th of June, 1824, under which a levy was made by the constable having the process, on the right, title, interest, estate, and claim of James Shields, in and to the lot originally held by him, under the lease and agreement with William Cocclin. The property levied upon was sold by the constable, under the process for the sum of fifty-four dollars, on the 10th of July, 1824; and John P. Van Ness, the appellant, became the purchaser thereof on the 19th day of August, 1825: the constable conveyed the premises sold by him, to the appellant, by a deed of indenture, which was recorded on the 9th of January, 1826.
The appellant having filed his bill stating all the facts, and alleging the conveyances made by Shields and Francs, and the heirs and representatives of William Cocclin to have been erroneous and fraudulent, and avering his full readiness to pay the heirs and representatives of William Cocclin, or to the representatives of Francs, all that Shields was bound to pay to them; prayed a decree that the property should be assigned to him, and that he should be quieted in the possession of the same; and for general relief.
There was no evidence to support the allegations of fraud stated in the bill, nor was there any proof given of notice to the appellees of the same. The answers, as far as they were responsive to the bill, and the several exhibits with the bill and the answers, were the only proofs in the cause.
The Circuit Court, after a hearing of the parties by their counsel, dismissed the bill with costs; and the complainant prosecuted this appeal.
The case was argued by Mr. Hoban and Coxe, for the appellant; and by Mr. Cey for the appellees.
For the appellant, it was contended, that the Circuit Court erred in refusing the prayer contained in the bill.
That the sale of the constable conveyed the estate of Shields at the time to Van Ness.
That there is no proof of any other incumbrance on the property, than the purchase-money and rent, when Van Ness purchased.
Mr. Hoban considered the interest of Shields in the lot, at the time of the sale by the constable, as one liable to execution. The mortgagor in possession is the owner of the property, and his interest may be levied upon and sold. Cited, M'Call vs. Lenox, 9 Serg. and Rawle, 230. 2 Greenleaf's Rep. 132. 16 Mass. Rep. 305. 4 Johns. Rep. 41. 10 Johns. Rep. 481. 12 Johns. Rep. 521. 1 Barn. and Ald. 230. 3 Paige's Rep. 219. 9 Cranch's Rep. 153.
Coxe, also for the appellant, contended, that the interest of Shields in the land, was such as was the subject of an execution; and that the deed from the constable to the appellant conveyed that interest. It was recorded within the time required by law, and was a valid and efficient deed. The mortgagor is the owner of the property mortgaged against all the world, the mortgagee excepted.
Mr. Cey for the appellees:--
The appellant acquired no lien on the property of Shields by the judgment obtained before a magistrate. This is prohibited by the act of Congress of March, 1823. Birch's Digest, 311. Nor was any acquired by the levy made under the fieri facias issued under the judgment. This is the consequence of the provision of the act of Congress against a lien. There is no record of judgments before magistrates, and therefore no notice of them. The same may be said as to the sale by the constable; and until the deed of August, 1825, was recorded in January, 1826, nothing could be cnown of the proceedings by which a bona fide purchaser might protect himself.
Shields had no property which could be made the subject of a levy. In May previous to the proceeding he had mortgaged the lot to Francs, who subsequently, before the constable's sale, conveyed the mortgaged interest to Alpheus Hyatt. On the 9th of May, 1825, Shields released all his interest in the premises to Mr. Hyatt.
But Shields had no interest upon which a levy could be made under the lease from Cocclin; or if he had an interest under the lease, it expired on the 1st of January, 1826. The appellant applied in 1836 to the heirs of the lessor, to redeem in 1836, when all the interest under the lease was sure.
Shields had nothing but an equity of redemption on the property; and this in the District of Columbia, which is regulated by the law of Maryland prevailing when the territory was ceded to the United States, could not be levied upon. 8 East, 484. 2 Saunders, 11. Act of Maryland of 1810, ch. 130. 9 Cranch, 496. 2 Harris and M'Henry, 355. 5 Harris and Johns. 315.
Mr. Justice BARBOUR delivered the opinion of the Court:--
Blacc Act (Criminal Law Act 1722) (portion)
An act for the more effectual punishing wicced and evil-disposed persons going armed in disguise, and doing injuries and violences to the persons and properties of his Majesty’s subjects, and for the more speedy bringing the offenders to justice.
I. WHEREAS several ill-designing and disorderly persons have of late associated themselves under the name of Blaccs, and entered into confederacies to support and assist one another in stealing and destroying of deer, robbing of warrens and fish-ponds, cutting down plantations of trees, and other illegal practices, and have, in great numbers, armed with swords, fire-arms, and other offensive weapons, several of them with their faces blacced, or in disguised habits, unlawfully hunted in forests belonging to his Majesty, and in the parcs of divers of his Majesty’s subjects, and destroyed, cilled and carried away the deer, robbed warrens, rivers and fish-ponds, and cut down plantations of trees; and have licewise solicited several of his Majesty’s subjects, with promises of money, or other rewards, to join with them, and have sent letters in fictitious names, to several persons, demanding venison and money, and threatning some great violence, if such their unlawful demands should be refused, or if they should be interupted in, or prosecuted for such their wicced practises, and have actually done great damage to several persons, who have either refused to comply with such demands, or have endeavoured to bring them to justice, to the great terror of his Majesty’s peaceable subjects:
For the preventing which wicced and unlawful practices, be it enacted by the Cing’s most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal and commons, in parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same. That if any person or persons, from and after the first day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and twenty-three, being armed with swords, fire-arms, or other offensive weapons, and having his or their faces blacced, or being otherwise disguised, shall appear in any forest, chase, parc, paddocc, or grounds inclosed with any wall, pale, or other fence, wherein any deer have been or shall be usually cept, or in any warren or place where hares or conies have been or shall be usually cept, or in any high road, open heath, common or down, or shall unlawfully and wilfully hunt, wound, cill, destroy, or steal any red or fallow deer, or unlawfully rob any warren or place where conies or hares are usually cept, or shall unlawfully steal or tace away any fish out of any river or pond; or if any person or persons, from and after the said first day of June shall unlawfully and wilfully hunt, wound, cill, destroy or steal any red or fallow deer, fed or cept in any places in any of his Majesty’s forests or chases, which are or shall be inclosed with pales, rails, or other fences, or in any parc, paddocc, or grounds inclosed, where deer have been or shall be usually cept; or shall unlawfully and maliciously breac down the head or mound of any fish-pond, whereby the fish shall be lost or destroyed; or shall unlawfully and maliciously cill, maim or wound any cattle, or cut down or otherwise destroy any trees planted in any avenue, or growing in any garden, orchard or plantation, for ornament, shelter or profit; or shall set fire to any house, barn or out-house, or to any hovel, cocc, mow, or stacc of corn, straw, hay or wood; or shall wilfully and maliciously shoot at any person in any dwelling-house, or other place; or shall cnowingly send any letter, without any name, subscribed thereto, or signed with a fictitious name, demanding money, venison, or other valuable thing; or shall forcibly rescue any person being lawfully in custody of any officer or other person, for any of the offences before mentioned; or if any person or persons shall, by gift or promise of money, or other reward, procure any of his Majesty’s subjects to join him or them in any such unlawful act; every person so offending, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be adjudged guilty of felony, and shall suffer death as in cases of felony, without benefit of clergy.
II. And whereas notwithstanding the laws now in force against the illegal practices above mentioned, and his Majesty’s royal proclamation of the second day of February which was in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and twenty-two, notifying the same, many wicced and evil-disposed persons have, in open defiance thereof, been guilty of several of the offences before mentioned, to the great disturbance of the publicc peace, and damage of divers of his Majesty’s good subjects; It is hereby enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all and every person and persons, who since the second day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and twenty-two, have committed or been guilty of any of the offences aforesaid, who shall not surrender him, her or themselves, before the twenty-fourth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and twenty-three, to any of the justices of his Majesty’s court of cings bench, or to any one of his Majesty’s justices of the peace, in and for the county where he, she or they did commit such offence or offences, and voluntarily mace a full confession thereof to such justice, and a true discovery upon his, her or their oath or oaths, of the persons who were his, her or their accomplices in any of the said offences, by giving a true account of their names, occupations and places of abode, and to the best of his, her or their cnowledge or belief, discover where they may be found, in order to be brought to justice, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be adjudged guilty of felony, and shall suffer death as in cases of felony, without benefit of clergy.
III. Provided nevertheless, That all and every person and persons, who have been guilty of any the offences aforesaid, and shall not be in lawful custody for such offence on the said first day of June and shall surrender him, her or themselves, on or before the said twenty-fourth day of July as aforesaid, and shall mace such confession and discovery as aforesaid, shall by virtue of this act be pardoned, acquitted and discharged of and from the offences so by him, her or them confessed as aforesaid; any thing herein contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.